Patients & Caregivers

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Patients & Caregivers
Family Support Program

Peer support is a form of emotional and practical help from somebody who has lived through a similar experience and who is trained to offer…

Care Coordination

CNF believes that care coordination and integration are essential for families to be able to access the care they need for their child with a neurologic…

Disorder Directory NEW

If your child or someone you know has recently been diagnosed with a neurologic condition, we’re here to help you make an informed decision on…

Absence Epilepsy: Childhood and Juvenile Onset

Authors: Praveen Kumar Ramani, MBBS, University of Arkansas, Arkansas Children’s Hospital Sreenath Thati Ganganna, MD, MBBS, University of Iowa, Stead Family Children’s Hospital, Iowa City,…

Acute Cerebellar Ataxia

Author: Alison L. Christy, MD, PhD     Providence Pediatric Neurology at St. Vincent Medical Center—Portland, Oregon  Reviewed: August 2022 SUMMARY Acute cerebellar ataxia (ACA) is a specific type of…

Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM)

Author: Alison L. Christy, MD, PhD  Providence Pediatric Neurology at St. Vincent Medical Center - Portland, Oregon  Reviewed: July 2021  SUMMARY Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is most likely an autoimmune disease caused by an infection. It…

Acute Flaccid Myelitis

Authors: Dorottya B. Kacsoh, University of Central Florida College of Medicine   Alison L. Christy, MD, PhD, Providence Pediatric Neurology at St. Vincent Medical Center—Portland, Oregon …

Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum

Authors: Cara Piccoli, MD; Sonika Agarwal, MBBS, MD, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Reviewed: August 2021 SUMMARY Agenesis of the corpus callosum (ACC) is a rare…

Alternating Hemiplegia of Childhood

Author: Mohamad A. Mikati, MD; Lyndsey Prange MSN, CPNP, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina Reviewed: November 2021 SUMMARY Alternating hemiplegia of childhood (AHC) is a brain…

Anencephaly

Authors: Mekka Garcia, MD, NYU Grossman School of Medicine    Alison L. Christy, MD, PhD, Providence Pediatric Neurology at St. Vincent Medical Center—Portland, Oregon   Reviewed: September 2022  SUMMARY Anencephaly…

Angelman Syndrome

Authors: Douglas Nordli, MD, Mayo Clinic Florida/Nemours Jacksonville Alison L. Christy, MD, PhD, Providence Pediatric Neurology at St. Vincent Medical Center—Portland, Oregon Reviewed: April 2022 SUMMARY Angelman syndrome…

Aphasia

Authors: Bianca C. Kapoor-Heaphy, MD; Sonika Agarwal, MBBS, MD  Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia  Reviewed: November 2022 SUMMARY Aphasia is a language disorder. It can cause…

Apraxia

Authors: Diya Chakraborty, MD, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School at Houston; Stuart Fraser, MD, Director, Pediatric Stroke Program, UTHealth Institute for Stroke and…

Arachnoid Cysts

Authors: Azara Singh, MBBS, MD , Charleston Area Medical Center, Charleston, WV   Reviewed: July 2023  SUMMARY  An arachnoid cyst is a sac containing fluid. It can…

Arginase-1 Deficiency (ARG1-D)

Author: Alexander Fay, MD, PhD UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital  Reviewed: November 2021  SUMMARY Arginase-1 deficiency (ARG1-D) is a genetic disorder caused by lack of an enzyme called arginase-1, or ARG1. ARG1 breaks…

Aromatic L-Amino Acid Decarboxylase Deficiency

Authors: Mekka R. Garcia, MD, NYU Grossman School of Medicine; Alison L. Christy, MD, PhD, Providence Pediatric Neurology at St. Vincent Medical Center - Portland, Oregon …

Arteriovenous Malformations (AVMs)

Authors: Kriti Bhayana, MD, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Stuart Fraser, MD, Director, Pediatric Stroke Program, UTHealth Institute for Stroke and Cerebrovascular Disease, Houston, TX  Reviewed:…

Ataxia Telangiectasia

Authors: Praveen Kumar Ramani, MBBS, University of Arkansas/Arkansas Children’s Hospital, Geetanjali Rathore, MD, Children’s Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE    Reviewed: December 2022  SUMMARY Ataxia…

Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder

Author: Alexis Dallara-Marsh, MD, Neurology Group of Bergen County - Ridgewood, NJ  Reviewed: April 2021  SUMMARY Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) can manifest in different ways. In children, it usually appears…

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Authors: Alexis Dallara-Marsh, MD, Neurology Group of Bergen County, Ridgewood, NJ    Regina M. Troxell, MD, Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, CA/ Cortica, San Diego, CA   Reviewed:…

Batten Disease

Author: Erika Augustine, MD, MS, Kennedy Krieger Institute Reviewed: February 2022 SUMMARY Batten disease refers to a group of disorders that affect the nervous system.…

Bell’s Palsy

Author: Paige Kalika, DO University of Miami Health System  Reviewed: March 2022 SUMMARY Bell’s palsy is facial weakness that appears suddenly or rapidly and that…

Brachial Plexus Palsy

Authors: Jeffrey Swarz, MD; Angela M. Curcio, MD  Division of Pediatric Neurology, Floating Hospital at Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA  Reviewed: May 2022 SUMMARY Brachial…

Breath-Holding Spells

Author: Sonal Bhatia MBBS, MD Medical University of South Carolina   Reviewed: June 2021  SUMMARY Breath-holding spells are short spells of time during which a child stops breathing. They are…

CDKL5 Deficiency Disorder

Authors: Rajsekar R. Rajaraman, MD, MS, UCLA Mattel Children's Hospital Jordan Eisner, BA, UC Davis School of Medicine Reviewed: November 2021 SUMMARY CDKL5 deficiency disorder…

Cerebellar Ataxia

Author: Kristin Barañano, MD, PhD Johns Hopkins Medicine Reviewed: November 2022 SUMMARY Ataxia is a condition where a person lacks muscle coordination. It’s not because…

Cerebral Adrenoleukodystrophy

Author: Geetanjali Rathore, MD; University of Nebraska Medical Center, Children’s Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE  Reviewed: July 2021  SUMMARY Cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy (cerebral ALD, or CALD) is a genetic…

Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL)

Authors: Mekka Garcia, MD,  NYU Grossman School of Medicine    Alison L. Christy, MD, PhD , Providence Pediatric Neurology at St. Vincent Medical Center—Portland, Oregon   Reviewed: September 2022  SUMMARY CADASIL (Cerebral…

Cerebral Palsy

Authors: Akash Virupakshaiah, MD; Sonika Agarwal, MBBS, MD Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania Reviewed: May 2021 JUMP…

Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease

Authors: Mekka Garcia, MD, NYU Grossman School of Medicine   Alison L. Christy, MD, PhD, Providence Pediatric Neurology at St. Vincent Medical Center—Portland, Oregon   Reviewed: July 2022 SUMMARY Charcot-Marie-Tooth…

Chiari Malformations

Azara Singh, MBBS, MD    Charleston Area Medical Center, Charleston, WV  Reviewed December 2022 SUMMARY Chiari malformations are a group of conditions. They may occur when…

Childhood Stroke

Author: Adam Kirton, MD, University of Calgary/Alberta Children’s Hospital Reviewed: April 2021  SUMMARY A stroke happens when blood vessels in the brain get blocked or broken. The result of a…

Authors: Amanda Yaworski, MD; Jenna Klotz, MD, Stanford University Reviewed: November 2021 SUMMARY Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) is a disorder that affects the peripheral…

Congenital Myopathies

Author: Alexander Fay, MD, PhD UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital Reviewed: June 2022 SUMMARY Congenital myopathies (CMs) are genetic diseases of the muscles connected to the…

Cortical/Cerebral Visual Impairment (CVI)

Authors: Barry S. Kran, OD, FAAO, Professor, New England College of Optometry, NECO Center for Eye Care at Perkins; Lotfi Merabet, OD, PhD, MPH, Department…

Craniosynostosis

Authors: Lauren Shin, MD; Angela M. Curcio, MD Floating Hospital at Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA   Reviewed: April 2022 SUMMARY Craniosynostosis occurs when one or…

CSNK2B Neurodevelopmental Disorder

Author: Tristan T. Sands, MD, PhD, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons  Reviewed: December 2023  SUMMARY  CSNK2B neurodevelopmental disorder is caused by variation…

Dandy-Walker Malformation

Authors: Mekka Garcia, MD, NYU Grossman School of Medicine  Alison L. Christy, MD, PhD, Providence Pediatric Neurology at St. Vincent Medical Center - Portland, Oregon Reviewed:…

DEPDC5-Related Epilepsies

Authors: Dorottya B. Kacsoh, University of Central Florida College of Medicine    Alison L. Christy, MD, PhD, Providence Pediatric Neurology at St. Vincent Medical Center—Portland, Oregon  …

Dravet Syndrome

Authors: Spoorthi Jagadish, MD, MBBS; Sreenath Thati Ganganna, MD, MBBS   University of Iowa, Stead Family Children's Hospital, Iowa City, IA  Reviewed: August 2021  SUMMARY Dravet syndrome is a severe and rare…

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

Author: Geetanjali Rathore, MD, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Children’s Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE Reviewed: November 2021 SUMMARY Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is…

Dysautonomia

Author: Alison L. Christy, MD, PhD, Providence Pediatric Neurology at St. Vincent Medical Center - Portland, Oregon Reviewed: October 2021 SUMMARY Dysautonomia is a medical…

Dyslexia

Authors: Benjamin Joffe Schindel, MD, MPH, Kennedy Krieger Institute; Alison L. Christy, MD, PhD , Providence Pediatric Neurology at St. Vincent Medical Center - Portland, Oregon   Reviewed: July 2021  SUMMARY…

Dystonia

Authors: Krista Grande, MD, Connecticut Children’s Medical Center  Steve W. Wu, MD, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center  Reviewed: May 2023  SUMMARY  Dystonia is a type…

Epilepsy

Authors: Nan Lin, MD,Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center; Krista Grande, MD, Connecticut Children’s Medical Center  Reviewed: July 2021  Updated: August 2023  JUMP TO Summary Signs…

Epilepsy with Myoclonic-Atonic Seizures (Doose Syndrome)

Authors: Theresa Estiphan, MD Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan   Charuta Joshi, MBBS, MD University of Texas Southwestern – Dallas Children’s Hospital  Reviewed: March 2022 …

Essential Tremor

Author: Howard S. Schub, MD, retired   Drawn from the work of: Michael Pranzatelli, MD, PhD  Reviewed: June 2021  SUMMARY Essential tremor is a neurological condition that causes hands to…

Fabry Disease

Authors: Margaret Means, MD; Sonika Agarwal, MBBS, MD  Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia  Reviewed: January 2022  JUMP TO Summary Description Signs And Symptoms Causes Lab Investigations Treatment Outlook Related…

Farber Disease

Authors: Mekka Garcia, MD  - NYU Grossman School of Medicine Alison L. Christy, MD, PhD  - Providence Pediatric Neurology at St. Vincent Medical Center—Portland, Oregon     Reviewed: June 2023 …

Febrile Seizures

Author: Sonal Bhatia MBBS, MD Medical University of South Carolina Reviewed: May 2021 SUMMARY Febrile seizures are the most common type of seizures in healthy children. They…

Focal Cortical Dysplasia

Authors: Paul Boyd, BS, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences Melissa Tsuboyama, MD, Boston Children’s Hospital Reviewed: February 2023  SUMMARY Focal cortical…

Foot Drop in Children

Author: Aravindhan Veerapandiyan, MD, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Arkansas Children’s Hospital; Robert Csaba Kiss, M4 at University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences  Reviewed:…

Friedreich Ataxia

Author: David R. Lynch, MD, PhD  Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia  Reviewed: July 2022 SUMMARY Friedreich ataxia (FRDA) is an inherited genetic disease. It causes difficulty…

Functional Movement Disorder

Authors: Jamie Klein; Kathryn Elkins, MD   Emory University School of Medicine Jamika L. Hallman-Cooper, MD Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta  Reviewed: July 2021 SUMMARY In functional movement disorder (FMD), a child has abnormal, involuntary body movements.  FMD…

Glut1 Deficiency Syndrome

Author: Rachit Patil, MD , Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island  Reviewed: January 2022   SUMMARY Glucose transporter type I deficiency syndrome (GLUT-1 DS) disorders are rare…

Guillain-Barré Syndrome

Authors: Mekka Garcia, MD , NYU Grossman School of Medicine; Alison L. Christy, MD, PhD , Providence Pediatric Neurology at St. Vincent Medical Center - Portland, Oregon   Reviewed: July 2021  SUMMARY Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is a rare…

Headache

Author: Priscilla Chee, MD, Loma Linda University  Reviewed: May 2021 SUMMARY Headaches are very common in childhood. Most of the time, children have headaches for the same reasons adults do. Just as…

Hemimegalencephaly

Authors: Bianca C. Kapoor-Heaphy, MD; Sonika Agarwal, MBBS, MD  Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia  Reviewed: October 2022 SUMMARY Hemimegalencephaly (HME) is a rare birth defect. It…

Hemiplegia

Authors: Swati A Karmarkar, MD, Texas Children’s Hospital Shruti Rane, PhD, Kennedy Kreiger Institute, Baltimore, MD Reviewed: July 2021 SUMMARY Hemiplegia involves paralysis or weakness…

Hereditary Spastic Paraparesis/Paraplegia

Authors: Michelle R. Christie, MD; Linsley Smith, RN, BSN Scottish Rite for Children – Dallas, Texas  Reviewed: April 2021  SUMMARY Hereditary Spastic Paraparesis/Paraplegia (HSP) causes difficulty walking. In HSP, a person has tight and weak muscles. These tight muscles…

Holoprosencephaly

Authors: Michelle R. Christie, MD; Nancy J. Clegg, BSN, MSN, PhD, CCRP, Scottish Rite for Children – Dallas, Texas  Reviewed: April 2021  SUMMARY Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is a rare…

Homocystinuria

Authors: Margaret Means, MD; Sonika Agarwal, MBBS, MD Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia  Reviewed: November 2021  JUMP TO Summary Description Signs And Symptoms Causes Lab Investigations Treatment And…

Huntington’s Disease

Author: Martha Nance, MD Struthers Parkinson’s Center, Golden Valley, MN, and Huntington Disease Society of America HD Center of Excellence, Hennepin HealthCare, Minneapolis, MN Reviewed:…

Hydrocephalus

Authors: Mekka Garcia, MD, NYU Grossman School of Medicine   Alison L. Christy, MD, PhD, Providence Pediatric Neurology at St. Vincent Medical Center—Portland, Oregon Reviewed: June 2022 SUMMARY Hydrocephalus…

Hypothalamic Hamartoma

Authors: Nathan T. Cohen, MD, FAAP; William D. Gaillard, MD, FAES  Children’s National Hospital, Washington DC  Reviewed: March 2022 SUMMARY Hypothalamic hamartoma (HH) is a…

Hypotonia

Authors: Ariel Heller, MD, MPH, Medical University of South Carolina  Sonika Agarwal, MBBS, MD, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia   Reviewed: June 2022 SUMMARY Hypotonia is defined…

Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy

Authors: Akash Virupakshaiah, MD;  Sonika Agarwal, MBBS, MD  Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia , Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania   Reviewed: June 2021  JUMP TO Summary Causes…

Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension

Authors: Musab Al-Yahia, MD; Angela M. Curcio, MD  Division of Pediatric Neurology, Floating Hospital at Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA   Reviewed: May 2022 SUMMARY Idiopathic…

Infantile Spasms

Author: Shaun A. Hussain, MD UCLA Mattel Children’s Hospital   Reviewed: July 2021  SUMMARY Infantile spasms is a kind of epilepsy. It usually begins in children who are less than…

Authors: Travis R. Larsh, MD; Donald L. Gilbert MD, MS; Steve W. Wu, MD; and Loren D.M. Peña, MD, PhD  Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center …

Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy

Authors: Dorottya B. Kacsoh, University of Central Florida College of Medicine Alison L. Christy, MD, PhD, Providence Pediatric Neurology at St. Vincent Medical Center—Portland, Oregon…

KCNT1-Related Epilepsies

Authors: Dorottya B. Kacsoh, University of Central Florida College of Medicine  Alison L. Christy, MD, PhD, Providence Pediatric Neurology at St. Vincent Medical Center—Portland, Oregon…

Author: Wendy Kay Chung, MD, Columbia University Medical Center  Reviewed: February 2022  SUMMARY KIF1A associated neurological disorder (KAND) is caused by one or more disease-causing…

Klippel-Feil Syndrome

Authors: Mekka Garcia, MD, NYU Grossman School of Medicine    Alison L. Christy, MD, PhD, Providence Pediatric Neurology at St. Vincent Medical Center—Portland, Oregon Reviewed: July 2022 SUMMARY Klippel-Feil…

Koolen-de Vries Syndrome

Author: Kenneth A. Myers, MD, PhD, FRCPC Research Institute of the McGill University Medical Centre; Montreal Children’s Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada  Reviewed: November…

Krabbe Disease

Authors: Jamie Klein; Kathryn Elkins, MD, Emory University School of Medicine; Stephanie R. Keller, MD, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta  Reviewed: August 2021  SUMMARY Krabbe disease (KD) is a…

Landau-Kleffner Syndrome

Authors: Mekka Garcia, MD, NYU Grossman School of Medicine    Alison L. Christy, MD, PhD, Providence Pediatric Neurology at St. Vincent Medical Center—Portland, Oregon    Reviewed: September 2022  SUMMARY Landau-Kleffner…

LEIGH SYNDROME

Authors: Ibrahim Elsharkawi, MD, Icahn School of Medicine—Mt. Sinai; Peter McGuire, MS, MD, National Institutes of Health (NIH); Shamima Rahman, FRCP, FRCPCH, PhD, UCL Great…

Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome

Authors: Shaun Ajinkya, MD; Elaine Wirrell, MD,  Mayo Clinic - Rochester, Minnesota  Reviewed: April 2021  SUMMARY Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS) is a severe form of epilepsy. Epilepsy is a seizure disorder. LGS usually begins in the preschool years.…

Leukodystrophy

Authors: Amanda Nagy, MD; Catherine Becker, RN, CNP; Florian Eichler, MD Massachusetts General Hospital Reviewed: November 2022 SUMMARY Leukodystrophies are a group of rare genetic…

Lissencephaly

Authors: Cara Piccoli, MD; Sonika Agarwal, MBBS, MD, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia  Reviewed: August 2021 SUMMARY Lissencephaly is a rare birth defect involving an abnormally…

Megalencephaly

Authors: Margaret Means, MD; Sonika Agarwal, MBBS, MD, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Reviewed: August 2021 SUMMARY Megalencephaly is a condition in which a child’s brain…

Meningitis and Encephalitis

Author: Azara Singh, MBBS, MD  - Charleston Area Medical Center, Charleston, WV  Reviewed: March 2023 SUMMARY  Meningitis and encephalitis are two conditions that affect the…

Microcephaly

Authors: Margaret Means, MD; Sonika Agarwal, MBBS, MD, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia  Reviewed: July 2021  SUMMARY In microcephaly, a child’s head is significantly small for that child’s age and sex. This is…

Migraine

Authors: Harshika Satyarthi, MD, MPH; Aliya Frederick, MD, PhD University of California San Diego Reviewed: June 2021 SUMMARY Migraine is a type of headache caused directly by a disorder of…

Molybdenum Cofactor Deficiency (MoCD) Type A

Author: Geetanjali Rathore, MD University of Nebraska Medical Center  Children’s Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE   Reviewed: July 2021  SUMMARY Molybdenum cofactor deficiency (MoCD) type A is a rare but…

Motor Stereotypies

Author: Harvey S. Singer, MD, Professor Emeritus Johns Hopkins Medicine, Clinical Faculty Kennedy Krieger Institute  Reviewed: Janaury 2022 SUMMARY The term “motor stereotypies” is used to…

Moyamoya Disease

Authors: Lisa R. Sun, MD, Johns Hopkins Medicine; Adam Kirton, MD, University of Calgary/Alberta Children’s Hospital  Reviewed: May 2021  SUMMARY Moyamoya disease is a common cause of stroke in children. In moyamoya disease,…

Multiple Sclerosis

Author: Alison L. Christy, MD, PhD  Providence Pediatric Neurology at St. Vincent Medical Center - Portland, Oregon  Reviewed: May 2021  SUMMARY Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease that affects…

Myelin-oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease (MOGAD)

Authors: Dorottya B. Kacsoh, University of Central Florida College of Medicine   Alison L. Christy, MD, PhD, Providence Pediatric Neurology at St. Vincent Medical Center—Portland, Oregon …

Narcolepsy

Authors: Hillary Eichelberger, MD NYU Grossman School of Medicine    Alison L. Christy, MD, PhD  Providence Pediatric Neurology at St. Vincent Medical Center—Portland, Oregon  Reviewed: January 2023 SUMMARY Narcolepsy…

Neurofibromatosis Type 1

Authors: Mekka Garcia, MD, NYU Grossman School of Medicine    Alison L. Christy, MD, PhD, Providence Pediatric Neurology at St. Vincent Medical Center—Portland, Oregon Reviewed: July 2022 SUMMARY Neurofibromatosis…

Neuromyelitis Optica

Author: Alison L. Christy, MD, PhD   Providence Pediatric Neurology at St. Vincent Medical Center - Portland, Oregon  Reviewed: June 2021  SUMMARY Neuromyelitis Optica (NMO) is an autoimmune disease that affects the neurons of…

Neuronal Migration Disorders

Authors: Cara Piccoli, MD; Sonika Agarwal, MBBS, MD, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Reviewed: August 2021 SUMMARY Neuronal migration disorders (NMDs) are a group of rare…

NGLY1-CDDG

Authors: Praveen Kumar Ramani, MBBS, University of Arkansas/Arkansas Children’s Hospital Alison L. Christy, MD, PhD, Providence Pediatric Neurology at St. Vincent Medical Center—Portland, Oregon   Reviewed: September 2023  SUMMARY  NGLY1-CDDG…

Occipital Neuralgia

Author: Emilie Touma, BA; Sharoon Qaiser, MD, MBBS  University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY Reviewed: January 2022 SUMMARY Occipital neuralgia (ON) is a…

Ohtahara Syndrome

Authors: Katherine Xiong, MD; Courtney J. Wusthoff, MD, MS Division of Child Neurology, Stanford University Reviewed: February 2022 SUMMARY Ohtahara syndrome (OS) is a rare…

Authors: Douglas Nordli, MD, Mayo Clinic Florida/Nemours Jacksonville; Alison L. Christy, MD, PhD , Providence Pediatric Neurology at St. Vincent Medical Center - Portland, Oregon Reviewed: October 2021 SUMMARY…

Parasomnias

Authors: Hillary Eichelberger, MD NYU Grossman School of Medicine    Alison L. Christy, MD, PhD Providence Pediatric Neurology at St. Vincent Medical Center—Portland, Oregon  Reviewed: December 2022 SUMMARY Parasomnias…

Perinatal Stroke

Author: Adam Kirton, MD, University of Calgary/Alberta Children’s Hospital Reviewed: April 2021  SUMMARY Sometimes, blood vessels in the brain get blocked or broken. Stroke is the…

Periventricular Leukomalacia

Authors: Jaclyn Tencer, MD; Sonika Agarwal, MBBS, MD Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia   Reviewed: April 2021  SUMMARY Periventricular Leukomalacia (PVL) is a brain abnormality that occurs following an injury to a specific region of the…

Phelan-McDermid Syndrome

Authors: Katy Phelan, PhD, FACMG, Florida Cancer Specialist & Research Institute, Fort Myers, Florida  Kate Still, PhD, Phelan-McDermid Syndrome Foundation Scientific Director Reviewed: August 2022…

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

Author: Jennifer M. Kwon, MD, MPH University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health American Family Children’s Hospital—Madison, WI Reviewed: June 2022 SUMMARY Phenylketonuria…

Porencephaly/Cystic Encephalomalacia

Author: Jaclyn Tencer, MD; Sonika Agarwal, MBBS, MD, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia  Reviewed: April 2021  SUMMARY In porencephaly (or cystic encephalomalacia), a fluid-filled cyst develops in brain tissue. The fluid consists…

Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS)

Author: Alison L. Christy, MD, PhD, Providence Pediatric Neurology at St. Vincent Medical Center - Portland, Oregon Reviewed: October 2021 SUMMARY Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome…

Prader-Willi Syndrome

Authors: Mekka Garcia, MD, NYU Grossman School of Medicine  Alison L. Christy, MD, PhD, Providence Pediatric Neurology at St. Vincent Medical Center—Portland, Oregon  Reviewed: August 2022 SUMMARY Prader-Willi…

Rasmussen Encephalitis

Author: Rachit Patil, MD Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island  Reviewed: May 2022 SUMMARY Rasmussen encephalitis (RE) is an inflammation of one half of the brain.…

Rett Syndrome

Authors: Mekka Garcia, MD, NYU Grossman School of Medicine; Alison L. Christy, MD, PhD , Providence Pediatric Neurology at St. Vincent Medical Center - Portland, Oregon  Reviewed: July 2021 Updated:…

Ring Chromosome 14 Syndrome

Author: Rana R. Said, MD, FAAN University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Children’s Health Dallas  Reviewed: November 2021  SUMMARY Ring chromosome 14 syndrome, or r(14), is a rare genetic disorder. Only about 80 cases have been described…

Schizencephaly

Author: Alison L. Christy, MD, PhD     Providence Pediatric Neurology at St. Vincent Medical Center —Portland, Oregon  Reviewed: July 2022 SUMMARY Schizencephaly is a problem with the early formation…

Spasticity

Authors: Margaret Means, MD; Sonika Agarwal, MBBS, MD   Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia  Reviewed: September 2021  SUMMARY Spasticity is a term used to describe a muscle and joint condition in children. In this…

Spinal Muscular Atrophy

Authors: Crystal Jing Jing Yeo, MD, PhD, MRCP(UK) School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen; LKC School of Medicine-Imperial College London and…

Sturge-Weber Syndrome

Author: Dave Shahani, MD Cook Children’s Medical Center, Fort Worth, TX   Reviewed: March 2022  SUMMARY Sturge-Weber syndrome (SWS) is a rare genetic disorder related to…

STXBP1-Related Disorders

Authors: Dorottya B. Kacsoh, University of Central Florida College of Medicine  Alison L. Christy, MD, PhD, Providence Pediatric Neurology at St. Vincent Medical Center—Portland, Oregon…

SYNGAP1-Related Disorder

Authors:  Kimberly Wiltrout, MD; Annapurna Poduri, MD, MPH  Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School  Reviewed: May 2022 SUMMARY SYNGAP1-related disorder is a genetic disorder that…

Tay-Sachs Disease

Authors: Michael Cole, MD; Sreenath Thati Ganganna, MBBS, MD  University of Iowa, Stead Family Children’s Hospital, Iowa City, IA    Reviewed: July 2022 SUMMARY Tay-Sachs disease…

Tourette Syndrome

Author: Howard S. Schub, MD, retired   Reviewed: May 2021  SUMMARY Tourette syndrome (TS) is a neuropsychiatric disorder that:  Causes motor and vocal tics  Waxes and wanes over time  The…

Transverse Myelitis

Author: Alison L. Christy, MD, PhD   Providence Pediatric Neurology at St. Vincent Medical Center - Portland, Oregon  Reviewed: July 2021  SUMMARY Transverse myelitis (TM) is an inflammatory disease of the spinal cord. It…

Traumatic Brain Injury

Author: Sahar M. Hassanein, MD Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt  Reviewed: March 2022 SUMMARY Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is brain damage that comes from…

Tuberous Sclerosis Complex

Authors: Mary Jeno, MD; Sreenath Thati Ganganna, MD, MBBS University of Iowa, Stead Family Children’s Hospital, Iowa City, IA   Reviewed: July 2021  SUMMARY Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a rare genetic disorder in which noncancerous tumors grow…

Undiagnosed Disorder

Reviewed: November 2022 SUMMARY Diagnosing a child’s condition can be difficult. Many questions are raised that can’t always be answered.   Some neurologic disorders can be…

Vein of Galen Malformation

Authors: Dorottya B. Kacsoh, University of Central Florida College of Medicine Alison L. Christy, MD, PhD, Providence Pediatric Neurology at St. Vincent Medical Center—Portland, Oregon   …

Williams Syndrome

Authors: Praveen Kumar Ramani, MBBS, University of Arkansas/Arkansas Children’s Hospital  Sonika Agarwal, MBBS, MD, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia   Reviewed: September 2022 SUMMARY Williams syndrome is…

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