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Family Support Program

Peer support is a form of emotional and practical help from somebody who has lived through a similar experience and who is trained to offer…

Disorder Directory NEW

If your child or someone you know has recently been diagnosed with a neurologic condition, we’re here to help you make an informed decision on…

Absence Epilepsy: Childhood and Juvenile Onset

Authors: Praveen Kumar Ramani, MBBS, University of Arkansas, Arkansas Children’s Hospital Sreenath Thati Ganganna, MD, MBBS, University of Iowa, Stead Family Children’s Hospital, Iowa City,…

Acute Cerebellar Ataxia

Author: Alison L. Christy, MD, PhD     Providence Pediatric Neurology at St. Vincent Medical Center—Portland, Oregon  Reviewed: August 2022 SUMMARY Acute cerebellar ataxia (ACA) is a specific type of…

Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM)

Author: Alison L. Christy, MD, PhD  Providence Pediatric Neurology at St. Vincent Medical Center - Portland, Oregon  Reviewed: July 2021  SUMMARY Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is most likely an autoimmune disease caused by an infection. It…

Acute Flaccid Myelitis

Authors: Dorottya B. Kacsoh, University of Central Florida College of Medicine   Alison L. Christy, MD, PhD, Providence Pediatric Neurology at St. Vincent Medical Center—Portland, Oregon …

Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum

Authors: Cara Piccoli, MD; Sonika Agarwal, MBBS, MD, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Reviewed: August 2021 SUMMARY Agenesis of the corpus callosum (ACC) is a rare…

Alternating Hemiplegia of Childhood

Author: Mohamad A. Mikati, MD; Lyndsey Prange MSN, CPNP, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina Reviewed: November 2021 SUMMARY Alternating hemiplegia of childhood (AHC) is a brain…

Anencephaly

Authors: Mekka Garcia, MD, NYU Grossman School of Medicine    Alison L. Christy, MD, PhD, Providence Pediatric Neurology at St. Vincent Medical Center—Portland, Oregon   Reviewed: September 2022  SUMMARY Anencephaly…

Angelman Syndrome

Authors: Douglas Nordli, MD, Mayo Clinic Florida/Nemours Jacksonville Alison L. Christy, MD, PhD, Providence Pediatric Neurology at St. Vincent Medical Center—Portland, Oregon Reviewed: April 2022 SUMMARY Angelman syndrome…

Aphasia

Authors: Bianca C. Kapoor-Heaphy, MD; Sonika Agarwal, MBBS, MD  Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia  Reviewed: November 2022 SUMMARY Aphasia is a language disorder. It can cause…

Apraxia

Authors: Diya Chakraborty, MD, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School at Houston; Stuart Fraser, MD, Director, Pediatric Stroke Program, UTHealth Institute for Stroke and…

Arachnoid Cysts

Authors: Azara Singh, MBBS, MD , Charleston Area Medical Center, Charleston, WV   Reviewed: July 2023  SUMMARY  An arachnoid cyst is a sac containing fluid. It can…

Arginase-1 Deficiency (ARG1-D)

Author: Alexander Fay, MD, PhD UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital  Reviewed: November 2021  SUMMARY Arginase-1 deficiency (ARG1-D) is a genetic disorder caused by lack of an enzyme called arginase-1, or ARG1. ARG1 breaks…

Aromatic L-Amino Acid Decarboxylase Deficiency

Authors: Mekka R. Garcia, MD, NYU Grossman School of Medicine; Alison L. Christy, MD, PhD, Providence Pediatric Neurology at St. Vincent Medical Center - Portland, Oregon …

Arteriovenous Malformations (AVMs)

Authors: Kriti Bhayana, MD, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Stuart Fraser, MD, Director, Pediatric Stroke Program, UTHealth Institute for Stroke and Cerebrovascular Disease, Houston, TX  Reviewed:…

Ataxia Telangiectasia

Authors: Praveen Kumar Ramani, MBBS, University of Arkansas/Arkansas Children’s Hospital, Geetanjali Rathore, MD, Children’s Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE    Reviewed: December 2022  SUMMARY Ataxia…

Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder

Author: Alexis Dallara-Marsh, MD, Neurology Group of Bergen County - Ridgewood, NJ  Reviewed: April 2021  SUMMARY Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) can manifest in different ways. In children, it usually appears…

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Authors: Alexis Dallara-Marsh, MD, Neurology Group of Bergen County, Ridgewood, NJ    Regina M. Troxell, MD, Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, CA/ Cortica, San Diego, CA   Reviewed:…

Batten Disease

Author: Erika Augustine, MD, MS, Kennedy Krieger Institute Reviewed: February 2022 SUMMARY Batten disease refers to a group of disorders that affect the nervous system.…

Bell’s Palsy

Author: Paige Kalika, DO University of Miami Health System  Reviewed: March 2022 SUMMARY Bell’s palsy is facial weakness that appears suddenly or rapidly and that…

Brachial Plexus Palsy

Authors: Jeffrey Swarz, MD; Angela M. Curcio, MD  Division of Pediatric Neurology, Floating Hospital at Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA  Reviewed: May 2022 SUMMARY Brachial…

Breath-Holding Spells

Author: Sonal Bhatia MBBS, MD Medical University of South Carolina   Reviewed: June 2021  SUMMARY Breath-holding spells are short spells of time during which a child stops breathing. They are…

CDKL5 Deficiency Disorder

Authors: Rajsekar R. Rajaraman, MD, MS, UCLA Mattel Children's Hospital Jordan Eisner, BA, UC Davis School of Medicine Reviewed: November 2021 SUMMARY CDKL5 deficiency disorder…

Cerebellar Ataxia

Author: Kristin Barañano, MD, PhD Johns Hopkins Medicine Reviewed: November 2022 SUMMARY Ataxia is a condition where a person lacks muscle coordination. It’s not because…

Cerebral Adrenoleukodystrophy

Author: Geetanjali Rathore, MD; University of Nebraska Medical Center, Children’s Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE  Reviewed: July 2021  SUMMARY Cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy (cerebral ALD, or CALD) is a genetic…

Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL)

Authors: Mekka Garcia, MD,  NYU Grossman School of Medicine    Alison L. Christy, MD, PhD , Providence Pediatric Neurology at St. Vincent Medical Center—Portland, Oregon   Reviewed: September 2022  SUMMARY CADASIL (Cerebral…

Cerebral Palsy

Authors: Akash Virupakshaiah, MD; Sonika Agarwal, MBBS, MD Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania Reviewed: May 2021 JUMP…

Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease

Authors: Mekka Garcia, MD, NYU Grossman School of Medicine   Alison L. Christy, MD, PhD, Providence Pediatric Neurology at St. Vincent Medical Center—Portland, Oregon   Reviewed: July 2022 SUMMARY Charcot-Marie-Tooth…

Chiari Malformations

Azara Singh, MBBS, MD    Charleston Area Medical Center, Charleston, WV  Reviewed December 2022 SUMMARY Chiari malformations are a group of conditions. They may occur when…

Childhood Stroke

Author: Adam Kirton, MD, University of Calgary/Alberta Children’s Hospital Reviewed: April 2021  SUMMARY A stroke happens when blood vessels in the brain get blocked or broken. The result of a…

Authors: Amanda Yaworski, MD; Jenna Klotz, MD, Stanford University Reviewed: November 2021 SUMMARY Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) is a disorder that affects the peripheral…

Congenital Myopathies

Author: Alexander Fay, MD, PhD UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital Reviewed: June 2022 SUMMARY Congenital myopathies (CMs) are genetic diseases of the muscles connected to the…

Cortical/Cerebral Visual Impairment (CVI)

Authors: Barry S. Kran, OD, FAAO, Professor, New England College of Optometry, NECO Center for Eye Care at Perkins; Lotfi Merabet, OD, PhD, MPH, Department…

Craniosynostosis

Authors: Lauren Shin, MD; Angela M. Curcio, MD Floating Hospital at Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA   Reviewed: April 2022 SUMMARY Craniosynostosis occurs when one or…

CSNK2B Neurodevelopmental Disorder

Author: Tristan T. Sands, MD, PhD, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons  Reviewed: December 2023  SUMMARY  CSNK2B neurodevelopmental disorder is caused by variation…

Dandy-Walker Malformation

Authors: Mekka Garcia, MD, NYU Grossman School of Medicine  Alison L. Christy, MD, PhD, Providence Pediatric Neurology at St. Vincent Medical Center - Portland, Oregon Reviewed:…

DEPDC5-Related Epilepsies

Authors: Dorottya B. Kacsoh, University of Central Florida College of Medicine    Alison L. Christy, MD, PhD, Providence Pediatric Neurology at St. Vincent Medical Center—Portland, Oregon  …

Dravet Syndrome

Authors: Spoorthi Jagadish, MD, MBBS; Sreenath Thati Ganganna, MD, MBBS   University of Iowa, Stead Family Children's Hospital, Iowa City, IA  Reviewed: August 2021  SUMMARY Dravet syndrome is a severe and rare…

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

Author: Geetanjali Rathore, MD, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Children’s Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE Reviewed: November 2021 SUMMARY Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is…

Dysautonomia

Author: Alison L. Christy, MD, PhD, Providence Pediatric Neurology at St. Vincent Medical Center - Portland, Oregon Reviewed: October 2021 SUMMARY Dysautonomia is a medical…

Dyslexia

Authors: Benjamin Joffe Schindel, MD, MPH, Kennedy Krieger Institute; Alison L. Christy, MD, PhD , Providence Pediatric Neurology at St. Vincent Medical Center - Portland, Oregon   Reviewed: July 2021  SUMMARY…

Dystonia

Authors: Krista Grande, MD, Connecticut Children’s Medical Center  Steve W. Wu, MD, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center  Reviewed: May 2023  SUMMARY  Dystonia is a type…

Epilepsy

Authors: Nan Lin, MD,Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center; Krista Grande, MD, Connecticut Children’s Medical Center  Reviewed: July 2021  Updated: August 2023  JUMP TO Summary Signs…

Epilepsy with Myoclonic-Atonic Seizures (Doose Syndrome)

Authors: Theresa Estiphan, MD Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan   Charuta Joshi, MBBS, MD University of Texas Southwestern – Dallas Children’s Hospital  Reviewed: March 2022 …

Essential Tremor

Author: Howard S. Schub, MD, retired   Drawn from the work of: Michael Pranzatelli, MD, PhD  Reviewed: June 2021  SUMMARY Essential tremor is a neurological condition that causes hands to…

Fabry Disease

Authors: Margaret Means, MD; Sonika Agarwal, MBBS, MD  Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia  Reviewed: January 2022  JUMP TO Summary Description Signs And Symptoms Causes Lab Investigations Treatment Outlook Related…

Farber Disease

Authors: Mekka Garcia, MD  - NYU Grossman School of Medicine Alison L. Christy, MD, PhD  - Providence Pediatric Neurology at St. Vincent Medical Center—Portland, Oregon     Reviewed: June 2023 …

Febrile Seizures

Author: Sonal Bhatia MBBS, MD Medical University of South Carolina Reviewed: May 2021 SUMMARY Febrile seizures are the most common type of seizures in healthy children. They…

Focal Cortical Dysplasia

Authors: Paul Boyd, BS, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences Melissa Tsuboyama, MD, Boston Children’s Hospital Reviewed: February 2023  SUMMARY Focal cortical…

Foot Drop in Children

Author: Aravindhan Veerapandiyan, MD, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Arkansas Children’s Hospital; Robert Csaba Kiss, M4 at University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences  Reviewed:…

Friedreich Ataxia

Author: David R. Lynch, MD, PhD  Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia  Reviewed: July 2022 SUMMARY Friedreich ataxia (FRDA) is an inherited genetic disease. It causes difficulty…

Functional Movement Disorder

Authors: Jamie Klein; Kathryn Elkins, MD   Emory University School of Medicine Jamika L. Hallman-Cooper, MD Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta  Reviewed: July 2021 SUMMARY In functional movement disorder (FMD), a child has abnormal, involuntary body movements.  FMD…

Glut1 Deficiency Syndrome

Author: Rachit Patil, MD , Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island  Reviewed: January 2022   SUMMARY Glucose transporter type I deficiency syndrome (GLUT-1 DS) disorders are rare…

Guillain-Barré Syndrome

Authors: Mekka Garcia, MD , NYU Grossman School of Medicine; Alison L. Christy, MD, PhD , Providence Pediatric Neurology at St. Vincent Medical Center - Portland, Oregon   Reviewed: July 2021  SUMMARY Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is a rare…

Headache

Author: Priscilla Chee, MD, Loma Linda University  Reviewed: May 2021 SUMMARY Headaches are very common in childhood. Most of the time, children have headaches for the same reasons adults do. Just as…

Hemimegalencephaly

Authors: Bianca C. Kapoor-Heaphy, MD; Sonika Agarwal, MBBS, MD  Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia  Reviewed: October 2022 SUMMARY Hemimegalencephaly (HME) is a rare birth defect. It…

Hemiplegia

Authors: Swati A Karmarkar, MD, Texas Children’s Hospital Shruti Rane, PhD, Kennedy Kreiger Institute, Baltimore, MD Reviewed: July 2021 SUMMARY Hemiplegia involves paralysis or weakness…

Hereditary Spastic Paraparesis/Paraplegia

Authors: Michelle R. Christie, MD; Linsley Smith, RN, BSN Scottish Rite for Children – Dallas, Texas  Reviewed: April 2021  SUMMARY Hereditary Spastic Paraparesis/Paraplegia (HSP) causes difficulty walking. In HSP, a person has tight and weak muscles. These tight muscles…

Holoprosencephaly

Authors: Michelle R. Christie, MD; Nancy J. Clegg, BSN, MSN, PhD, CCRP, Scottish Rite for Children – Dallas, Texas  Reviewed: April 2021  SUMMARY Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is a rare…

Homocystinuria

Authors: Margaret Means, MD; Sonika Agarwal, MBBS, MD Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia  Reviewed: November 2021  JUMP TO Summary Description Signs And Symptoms Causes Lab Investigations Treatment And…

Huntington’s Disease

Author: Martha Nance, MD Struthers Parkinson’s Center, Golden Valley, MN, and Huntington Disease Society of America HD Center of Excellence, Hennepin HealthCare, Minneapolis, MN Reviewed:…

Hydrocephalus

Authors: Mekka Garcia, MD, NYU Grossman School of Medicine   Alison L. Christy, MD, PhD, Providence Pediatric Neurology at St. Vincent Medical Center—Portland, Oregon Reviewed: June 2022 SUMMARY Hydrocephalus…

Hypothalamic Hamartoma

Authors: Nathan T. Cohen, MD, FAAP; William D. Gaillard, MD, FAES  Children’s National Hospital, Washington DC  Reviewed: March 2022 SUMMARY Hypothalamic hamartoma (HH) is a…

Hypotonia

Authors: Ariel Heller, MD, MPH, Medical University of South Carolina  Sonika Agarwal, MBBS, MD, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia   Reviewed: June 2022 SUMMARY Hypotonia is defined…

Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy

Authors: Akash Virupakshaiah, MD;  Sonika Agarwal, MBBS, MD  Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia , Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania   Reviewed: June 2021  JUMP TO Summary Causes…

Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension

Authors: Musab Al-Yahia, MD; Angela M. Curcio, MD  Division of Pediatric Neurology, Floating Hospital at Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA   Reviewed: May 2022 SUMMARY Idiopathic…

Infantile Spasms

Author: Shaun A. Hussain, MD UCLA Mattel Children’s Hospital   Reviewed: July 2021  SUMMARY Infantile spasms is a kind of epilepsy. It usually begins in children who are less than…

Authors: Travis R. Larsh, MD; Donald L. Gilbert MD, MS; Steve W. Wu, MD; and Loren D.M. Peña, MD, PhD  Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center …

Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy

Authors: Dorottya B. Kacsoh, University of Central Florida College of Medicine Alison L. Christy, MD, PhD, Providence Pediatric Neurology at St. Vincent Medical Center—Portland, Oregon…

KCNT1-Related Epilepsies

Authors: Dorottya B. Kacsoh, University of Central Florida College of Medicine  Alison L. Christy, MD, PhD, Providence Pediatric Neurology at St. Vincent Medical Center—Portland, Oregon…

Author: Wendy Kay Chung, MD, Columbia University Medical Center  Reviewed: February 2022  SUMMARY KIF1A associated neurological disorder (KAND) is caused by one or more disease-causing…

Klippel-Feil Syndrome

Authors: Mekka Garcia, MD, NYU Grossman School of Medicine    Alison L. Christy, MD, PhD, Providence Pediatric Neurology at St. Vincent Medical Center—Portland, Oregon Reviewed: July 2022 SUMMARY Klippel-Feil…

Koolen-de Vries Syndrome

Author: Kenneth A. Myers, MD, PhD, FRCPC Research Institute of the McGill University Medical Centre; Montreal Children’s Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada  Reviewed: November…

Krabbe Disease

Authors: Jamie Klein; Kathryn Elkins, MD, Emory University School of Medicine; Stephanie R. Keller, MD, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta  Reviewed: August 2021  SUMMARY Krabbe disease (KD) is a…

Landau-Kleffner Syndrome

Authors: Mekka Garcia, MD, NYU Grossman School of Medicine    Alison L. Christy, MD, PhD, Providence Pediatric Neurology at St. Vincent Medical Center—Portland, Oregon    Reviewed: September 2022  SUMMARY Landau-Kleffner…

LEIGH SYNDROME

Authors: Ibrahim Elsharkawi, MD, Icahn School of Medicine—Mt. Sinai; Peter McGuire, MS, MD, National Institutes of Health (NIH); Shamima Rahman, FRCP, FRCPCH, PhD, UCL Great…

Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome

Authors: Shaun Ajinkya, MD; Elaine Wirrell, MD,  Mayo Clinic - Rochester, Minnesota  Reviewed: April 2021  SUMMARY Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS) is a severe form of epilepsy. Epilepsy is a seizure disorder. LGS usually begins in the preschool years.…

Leukodystrophy

Authors: Amanda Nagy, MD; Catherine Becker, RN, CNP; Florian Eichler, MD Massachusetts General Hospital Reviewed: November 2022 SUMMARY Leukodystrophies are a group of rare genetic…

Lissencephaly

Authors: Cara Piccoli, MD; Sonika Agarwal, MBBS, MD, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia  Reviewed: August 2021 SUMMARY Lissencephaly is a rare birth defect involving an abnormally…

Megalencephaly

Authors: Margaret Means, MD; Sonika Agarwal, MBBS, MD, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Reviewed: August 2021 SUMMARY Megalencephaly is a condition in which a child’s brain…

Meningitis and Encephalitis

Author: Azara Singh, MBBS, MD  - Charleston Area Medical Center, Charleston, WV  Reviewed: March 2023 SUMMARY  Meningitis and encephalitis are two conditions that affect the…

Microcephaly

Authors: Margaret Means, MD; Sonika Agarwal, MBBS, MD, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia  Reviewed: July 2021  SUMMARY In microcephaly, a child’s head is significantly small for that child’s age and sex. This is…

Migraine

Authors: Harshika Satyarthi, MD, MPH; Aliya Frederick, MD, PhD University of California San Diego Reviewed: June 2021 SUMMARY Migraine is a type of headache caused directly by a disorder of…

Molybdenum Cofactor Deficiency (MoCD) Type A

Author: Geetanjali Rathore, MD University of Nebraska Medical Center  Children’s Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE   Reviewed: July 2021  SUMMARY Molybdenum cofactor deficiency (MoCD) type A is a rare but…

Motor Stereotypies

Author: Harvey S. Singer, MD, Professor Emeritus Johns Hopkins Medicine, Clinical Faculty Kennedy Krieger Institute  Reviewed: Janaury 2022 SUMMARY The term “motor stereotypies” is used to…

Moyamoya Disease

Authors: Lisa R. Sun, MD, Johns Hopkins Medicine; Adam Kirton, MD, University of Calgary/Alberta Children’s Hospital  Reviewed: May 2021  SUMMARY Moyamoya disease is a common cause of stroke in children. In moyamoya disease,…

Multiple Sclerosis

Author: Alison L. Christy, MD, PhD  Providence Pediatric Neurology at St. Vincent Medical Center - Portland, Oregon  Reviewed: May 2021  SUMMARY Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease that affects…

Myelin-oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease (MOGAD)

Authors: Dorottya B. Kacsoh, University of Central Florida College of Medicine   Alison L. Christy, MD, PhD, Providence Pediatric Neurology at St. Vincent Medical Center—Portland, Oregon …

Narcolepsy

Authors: Hillary Eichelberger, MD NYU Grossman School of Medicine    Alison L. Christy, MD, PhD  Providence Pediatric Neurology at St. Vincent Medical Center—Portland, Oregon  Reviewed: January 2023 SUMMARY Narcolepsy…

Neurofibromatosis Type 1

Authors: Mekka Garcia, MD, NYU Grossman School of Medicine    Alison L. Christy, MD, PhD, Providence Pediatric Neurology at St. Vincent Medical Center—Portland, Oregon Reviewed: July 2022 SUMMARY Neurofibromatosis…

Neuromyelitis Optica

Author: Alison L. Christy, MD, PhD   Providence Pediatric Neurology at St. Vincent Medical Center - Portland, Oregon  Reviewed: June 2021  SUMMARY Neuromyelitis Optica (NMO) is an autoimmune disease that affects the neurons of…

Neuronal Migration Disorders

Authors: Cara Piccoli, MD; Sonika Agarwal, MBBS, MD, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Reviewed: August 2021 SUMMARY Neuronal migration disorders (NMDs) are a group of rare…

NGLY1-CDDG

Authors: Praveen Kumar Ramani, MBBS, University of Arkansas/Arkansas Children’s Hospital Alison L. Christy, MD, PhD, Providence Pediatric Neurology at St. Vincent Medical Center—Portland, Oregon   Reviewed: September 2023  SUMMARY  NGLY1-CDDG…

Occipital Neuralgia

Author: Emilie Touma, BA; Sharoon Qaiser, MD, MBBS  University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY Reviewed: January 2022 SUMMARY Occipital neuralgia (ON) is a…

Ohtahara Syndrome

Authors: Katherine Xiong, MD; Courtney J. Wusthoff, MD, MS Division of Child Neurology, Stanford University Reviewed: February 2022 SUMMARY Ohtahara syndrome (OS) is a rare…

Authors: Douglas Nordli, MD, Mayo Clinic Florida/Nemours Jacksonville; Alison L. Christy, MD, PhD , Providence Pediatric Neurology at St. Vincent Medical Center - Portland, Oregon Reviewed: October 2021 SUMMARY…

Parasomnias

Authors: Hillary Eichelberger, MD NYU Grossman School of Medicine    Alison L. Christy, MD, PhD Providence Pediatric Neurology at St. Vincent Medical Center—Portland, Oregon  Reviewed: December 2022 SUMMARY Parasomnias…

Perinatal Stroke

Author: Adam Kirton, MD, University of Calgary/Alberta Children’s Hospital Reviewed: April 2021  SUMMARY Sometimes, blood vessels in the brain get blocked or broken. Stroke is the…

Periventricular Leukomalacia

Authors: Jaclyn Tencer, MD; Sonika Agarwal, MBBS, MD Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia   Reviewed: April 2021  SUMMARY Periventricular Leukomalacia (PVL) is a brain abnormality that occurs following an injury to a specific region of the…

Phelan-McDermid Syndrome

Authors: Katy Phelan, PhD, FACMG, Florida Cancer Specialist & Research Institute, Fort Myers, Florida  Kate Still, PhD, Phelan-McDermid Syndrome Foundation Scientific Director Reviewed: August 2022…

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

Author: Jennifer M. Kwon, MD, MPH University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health American Family Children’s Hospital—Madison, WI Reviewed: June 2022 SUMMARY Phenylketonuria…

Porencephaly/Cystic Encephalomalacia

Author: Jaclyn Tencer, MD; Sonika Agarwal, MBBS, MD, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia  Reviewed: April 2021  SUMMARY In porencephaly (or cystic encephalomalacia), a fluid-filled cyst develops in brain tissue. The fluid consists…

Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS)

Author: Alison L. Christy, MD, PhD, Providence Pediatric Neurology at St. Vincent Medical Center - Portland, Oregon Reviewed: October 2021 SUMMARY Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome…

Prader-Willi Syndrome

Authors: Mekka Garcia, MD, NYU Grossman School of Medicine  Alison L. Christy, MD, PhD, Providence Pediatric Neurology at St. Vincent Medical Center—Portland, Oregon  Reviewed: August 2022 SUMMARY Prader-Willi…

Rasmussen Encephalitis

Author: Rachit Patil, MD Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island  Reviewed: May 2022 SUMMARY Rasmussen encephalitis (RE) is an inflammation of one half of the brain.…

Rett Syndrome

Authors: Mekka Garcia, MD, NYU Grossman School of Medicine; Alison L. Christy, MD, PhD , Providence Pediatric Neurology at St. Vincent Medical Center - Portland, Oregon  Reviewed: July 2021 Updated:…

Ring Chromosome 14 Syndrome

Author: Rana R. Said, MD, FAAN University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Children’s Health Dallas  Reviewed: November 2021  SUMMARY Ring chromosome 14 syndrome, or r(14), is a rare genetic disorder. Only about 80 cases have been described…

Schizencephaly

Author: Alison L. Christy, MD, PhD     Providence Pediatric Neurology at St. Vincent Medical Center —Portland, Oregon  Reviewed: July 2022 SUMMARY Schizencephaly is a problem with the early formation…

Spasticity

Authors: Margaret Means, MD; Sonika Agarwal, MBBS, MD   Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia  Reviewed: September 2021  SUMMARY Spasticity is a term used to describe a muscle and joint condition in children. In this…

Spinal Muscular Atrophy

Authors: Crystal Jing Jing Yeo, MD, PhD, MRCP(UK) School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen; LKC School of Medicine-Imperial College London and…

Sturge-Weber Syndrome

Author: Dave Shahani, MD Cook Children’s Medical Center, Fort Worth, TX   Reviewed: March 2022  SUMMARY Sturge-Weber syndrome (SWS) is a rare genetic disorder related to…

STXBP1-Related Disorders

Authors: Dorottya B. Kacsoh, University of Central Florida College of Medicine  Alison L. Christy, MD, PhD, Providence Pediatric Neurology at St. Vincent Medical Center—Portland, Oregon…

SYNGAP1-Related Disorder

Authors:  Kimberly Wiltrout, MD; Annapurna Poduri, MD, MPH  Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School  Reviewed: May 2022 SUMMARY SYNGAP1-related disorder is a genetic disorder that…

Tay-Sachs Disease

Authors: Michael Cole, MD; Sreenath Thati Ganganna, MBBS, MD  University of Iowa, Stead Family Children’s Hospital, Iowa City, IA    Reviewed: July 2022 SUMMARY Tay-Sachs disease…

Tourette Syndrome

Author: Howard S. Schub, MD, retired   Reviewed: May 2021  SUMMARY Tourette syndrome (TS) is a neuropsychiatric disorder that:  Causes motor and vocal tics  Waxes and wanes over time  The…

Transverse Myelitis

Author: Alison L. Christy, MD, PhD   Providence Pediatric Neurology at St. Vincent Medical Center - Portland, Oregon  Reviewed: July 2021  SUMMARY Transverse myelitis (TM) is an inflammatory disease of the spinal cord. It…

Traumatic Brain Injury

Author: Sahar M. Hassanein, MD Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt  Reviewed: March 2022 SUMMARY Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is brain damage that comes from…

Tuberous Sclerosis Complex

Authors: Mary Jeno, MD; Sreenath Thati Ganganna, MD, MBBS University of Iowa, Stead Family Children’s Hospital, Iowa City, IA   Reviewed: July 2021  SUMMARY Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a rare genetic disorder in which noncancerous tumors grow…

Undiagnosed Disorder

Reviewed: November 2022 SUMMARY Diagnosing a child’s condition can be difficult. Many questions are raised that can’t always be answered.   Some neurologic disorders can be…

Vein of Galen Malformation

Authors: Dorottya B. Kacsoh, University of Central Florida College of Medicine Alison L. Christy, MD, PhD, Providence Pediatric Neurology at St. Vincent Medical Center—Portland, Oregon   …

Williams Syndrome

Authors: Praveen Kumar Ramani, MBBS, University of Arkansas/Arkansas Children’s Hospital  Sonika Agarwal, MBBS, MD, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia   Reviewed: September 2022 SUMMARY Williams syndrome is…

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